The “One River and Three Mountains” region in Ningxia serves as a key area of the ecological security barrier in Northwest China. This study, based on high-resolution remote sensing data and the ecological resource base surveys conducted in Ningxia from 2019 to 2023, has for the first time established an evaluation indicator system encompassing four dimensions: quantity, quality, services, and damage of ecological resources. It systematically analyzes the base status of ecological resources in the region. The results indicate: (1) The total area of ecological resources in Ningxia is 73.3235 million mu, with a structure of “three fields, four grasslands, and two forests.” (2) The average soil quality of farmland along the Yellow River mainstem is 4.45, but the rate of poor-quality groundwater reaches 91.3%, with concentrated saline-alkali farmland; (3) The Helan Mountain area has prominent windbreak and sand fixation functions, but its water conservation capacity is less than 0.9% of that of the Liupan Mountains, with low vegetation coverage and an NDVI of 0.32; (4) The Liupan Mountains account for 60.3% of the region's total water resources, but due to issues such as large areas of artificial forests and monospecific tree species, water conservation capacity has decreased. (5) The Luoshan Mountains have 209,650 acres of moderately to severely desertified land, with mining land accounting for 34.3% of the region, leading to increased ecosystem vulnerability. This study focuses on the ecological characteristics of the “One River and Three Mountains” region in Ningxia, conducts an in-depth analysis of the current ecological baseline, identifies existing issues in ecological protection, and proposes targeted policy recommendations. This research holds extremely important significance for conducting ecological safety risk analysis and early warning in key ecological functional zones, formulating scientifically effective ecological protection and restoration strategies, and achieving the sustainable development of Ningxia's ecological systems.