[Objective] The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of agro-ecological resilience and the main obstacle factors were investigated， in order to provide scientific references for the realization of food security and high-quality agricultural development. [Methods] Based on panel data from 60 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River basin from 2008 to 2022， a three-dimensional agro-ecological resilience evaluation system of “resistance and driving， adaptation and reconstruction， innovation and development” was developed. The entropy weight method， Dagum Gini coefficient， exploratory spatial data analysis （ESDA）， and obstacle degree model were employed to quantify and analyze the agro-ecological resilience. [Results] The agro-ecological resilience of the main grain-producing areas in the Yellow River basin showed the following characteristics： ① Overall， a fluctuating upward temporal trend was observed， along with an uneven spatial distribution characterized by ‘higher in the east and lower in the west， stronger in the north and weaker in the south’. ② In terms of regional differences， the overall spatial variability was small， and inter-regional differences were the main source of total variation. ③ In terms of spatial clustering， significant clustering characteristics were observed， dominated by H-H and L-L clustering patterns， and the local spatial correlation patterns remained relatively stable. ④ Regarding obstacle factors， the capacity for adaptation and reconstruction was the main dimension constraining the improvement of agro-ecological resilience. Specifically， the level of agricultural technology investment and rural residential electricity consumption were the main obstacle factors. [Conclusion] The main grain-producing areas in the Yellow River basin can improve agro-ecological resilience by implementing region-specific agro-ecological development， strengthening regional ecological collaborative governance， and establishing a low-carbon agricultural development mechanism.