[Objective] The influencing mechanisms of different soil and water conservation tillage measures on runoff and sediment yield of slope cropland in the black soil region under natural rainfall conditions were analyzed， in order to provide a scientific basis and technical support for the prevention， control， and management of soil erosion in the black soil region in northeast China. [Methods] Typical slope cropland in the black soil region of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the research object. Runoff plots were established， with traditional downslope ridging as the control. The characteristics of runoff and sediment yield under four soil and water conservation tillage measures-cross-slope ridging， cross-slope ridging + plant hedges， straw return to the field， and ridge field-were analyzed to investigate the patterns of runoff and sediment reduction under different soil and water conservation tillage measures. [Results] ① All four soil and water conservation tillage measures-cross-slope ridging + plant hedges， cross-slope ridging， straw return to the field， and ridge field-could reduce the runoff and sediment yield of slope cropland. Compared with downslope ridging， runoff decreased by 74%， 67%， 29%， and 64%， respectively， and sediment yield decreased by 88%， 87%， 67%， and 66%， respectively. ② The measures of cross-slope ridging + plant hedges showed the most significant rates of runoff and sediment reduction （p<0.05）. ③ The duration of runoff and sediment yield from the slope cropland under the cross-slope ridging + plant hedge measure was the shortest. ④ The runoff volume and sediment yield from the slope cropland showed a significant positive correlation （p<0.01）. [Conclusion] The cross-slope ridging plant hedge measure demonstrates significant runoff and sediment reduction rates， and it is recommended for wider application in this region.