[Objective] The differentiated ecological compensation of cultivated land in Chinese provinces were analyzed， in order to provide a reference for promoting the realization of the ecological product value of cultivated land and ensuring the sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources. [Methods] An improved equivalent factor method was adopted to comprehensively assess the ecological product values of dryland， paddy field， and irrigated land in China and each province. Based on the average non-market ecological product value of national cultivated land， the inter-provincial horizontal ecological compensation standard for cultivated land is determined. Based on the non-market ecological product values of dryland， paddy field， and irrigated land in each province， the government payment capacity index was introduced to determine the intra-provincial vertical ecological compensation standards for dryland， paddy field， and irrigated land within the provinces. [Results] The ecological product values of dryland，paddy field，and irrigated land in China were 11 386.40，11 045.66，and 11 216.03 yuan/hm²，respectively.The inter-provincial horizontal ecological compensation standard for cultivated land was 7 492.08 yuan/hm²； The ecological compensation standards for dry land in 28 provincial regions ranged from 3 293.35 yuan/hm² （Guizhou） to 15 741.81 yuan/hm² （Jiangsu）. The ecological compensation standards for paddy fields in 25 provincial regions ranged from 2 911.51 yuan/hm²（Guizhou） to 19 557.56 yuan/hm²（Shanghai）.The ecological compensation standards for irrigated land in 20 provincial regions ranged from 3 126.82 yuan/hm² （Gansu） to 16 717.06 yuan/hm² （Beijing）. [Conclusion] Cultivated land holds significant ecological product value， and ecological compensation serves as an important means to realize this value. This study proposes a dual-level ecological compensation framework of “inter-provincial horizontal + intra-provincial vertical”， which considers both responsibility sharing for cultivated land ecological protection across provinces and differentiated measures for different types of cultivated land within provinces. The findings can provide a quantitative basis for the government to formulate differentiated ecological compensation policies for cultivated land.