In order to enhance the resources sharing among agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry and promote the development of ecological agriculture, researches on the change and interrelation of soil nutrients and the amount of microbes were separately conducted under six forest economy modes in Rongchang County, Chongqing City. Results show that soil nutrients were differently influenced by the under-forest economy modes. Organic matter and total potassium increased the largest in the raising poultry mode under Dendrocalamas, while total phosphorus increased the largest in the raising poultry mode under eucalyptus. Total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium increased the largest in the raising poultry mode of Masson pine. In view of total microorganism biomass in soils, the poultry mode showed highest ratio in Eucalyptus, followed by the bacteria mode in Eucalyptus, and then the least one is bacteria mode in Dendrocalamas. The raising poultry mode under Dendrocalamas behaved the most, and the bacteria mode in Eucalyptus behaved the least in humus layers. The amount of microbes is directly correlated with the amounts of organic matter, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in soils. As the variation tendencies of soil nutrients and microbe quantity are different, the two should be combined in the study of under-forest economy processes.