[Objective] The evolution of temporal and spatial patterns of cultivated land quality was explored in order to provide a basis for decision-making by land management departments at all levels to rationally use and protect cultivated land, and to provide a reference for improving the quality of cultivated land and optimizing the spatial layout of land. [Methods] Based on the evaluation results of arable land quality in Taihu County, Anhui Province in 2008 and 2018, research methods such as time series methods and spatial autocorrelation analysis with ArcGIS and GeoDa platforms were used to analyze the variation in temporal and spatial patterns of cultivated land quality in Taihu County over a ten-year period from global autocorrelation and local autocorrelation. Four types of zoning management plans: restricted construction areas, comprehensive improvement areas, moderate improvement areas, and key remediation areas were devised and formulated, as well as management and protection measures that would meet actual conditions for cultivated land. [Results] ① From 2008 to 2018, the total arable land area of Taihu County increased by 6 474.45 hectares; ② The coefficients of global autocorrelation Moran’s I in 2008 and 2018 were 0.419 478 and 0.288 328, respectively, and the Z scores were 8.677 693 and 5.527 830, respectively; ③ The positive correlation types of cultivated land quality in Taihu County mostly appeared in the form of cluster, while the negative correlation types had no obvious concentrated areas. [Conclusion] The area of cultivated land in Taihu County increased by 6 474.45 hectares over the ten-year period. The average annual change rate (P) of cultivated land resources was 1.65%, and the average grade of cultivated land quality increased by 1.68. The spatial distribution showed significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics and space gathering features.