[Objective] The temporal and spatial evolution and influencing factors of habitat quality in the Loess Plateau were determined in order to provide a scientific reference for ecological management and regional ecological security in the Loess Plateau. [Methods] The InVEST model was used to evaluate habitat quality in the Loess Plateau. The spatio-temporal correlation of habitat quality was analyzed by spatial autocorrelation analysis. The driving factors affecting habitat quality were analyzed by geographical detector, and single factor detection and interactive detection were carried out. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2020, habitat quality for 20.5% of the Loess Plateau increased, 7.18% of the region exhibited decreased habitat quality, and the regional habitat quality showed a steady upward trend. ② The global Moran’s I values for the Loess Plateau in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 0.714, 0.706, and 0.694, respectively. The spatial distribution of habitat quality showed agglomeration and had a high positive spatial correlation. The agglomeration decreased slightly, and the differences in spatial distribution became more balanced. ③ The influence degree of the habitat quality factors of the Loess Plateau followed the order of NDVI＞precipitation＞slope＞GDP＞population＞elevation＞air temperature. During the study period, the determinative force of each driving factor on habitat quality did not change much, and the order of influence did not change significantly, indicating that each factor has a stable effect on habitat quality. [Conclusion] The actual situation of the Loess Plateau should be fully considered, and the goal of coordinated development of ecology and economy should be taken into account. In the future, more targeted management measures for the Loess Plateau should be formulated in accordance with the habitat quality of each ecological block to enhance the ecosystem service function, and a new economic growth model based on habitat quality should be constructed.