[Objective] The effects of different management intensities on soil physicochemical properties and soil quality were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the scientific management and nutrient management of Phyllostachys praecox forests. [Methods] Based on the analysis of soil physicochemical properties in P. praecox plantations under various management intensities in Huangshan District, Anhui Province, a minimum dataset was established through principal component analysis, and the soil quality in P. praecox plantations under different management intensities was analyzed. [Results] Significant differences were observed in the soil physicochemical properties under different management intensities. The bulk density was significantly lower in mid-intensity management than in high-intensity and extensive management in the 0—10 cm soil layer. The soil water contents in mid- and high-intensity management were significantly lower than those in extensive management. In the 0—10 cm soil layer, the value of soil pH value was ranked in the order of high-intensity management (4.12) ＞extensive management (4.01) ＞mid-intensity management (3.97). The soil organic carbon (24.82 g/kg) and total nitrogen (1.67 g/kg) in mid-intensity management were significantly higher than those in extensive management (18.64, 1.35 g/kg) and high-intensity management (17.39, 1.25 g/kg). The soil total phosphorus (0.53, 0.49 g/kg) was significantly higher in mid- and high-intensity management than in extensive management (0.27 g/kg). The ranges of C/P (30.99—53.40) and N/P (2.77—3.60) in mid-and high-intensity were lower than those in extensive management 〔(64.82—78.96) and (5.20—5.56)〕, and the average value of soil C/N in three different management intensities ranged from 10.95 to 14.68. In the 0—10 cm soil layer, the soil quality indices in the different management intensities were ranked in the order of extensive management (0.42) ＞mid-intensity management (0.36) ＞high-intensity management (0.31), where the soil quality index decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. [Conclusion] A strong acidic soil environment was determined not to be conducive to the growth of bamboo. Soil water holding capacity and water conservation capacity of mid-intensity management were determined to be better. Soil fertility was observed to be lower with the strengthening of management intensity, which is not conducive to the maintenance of soil quality.