［Objective］ The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of vegetation water use efficiency （WUE） in the Qingshui River basin are explored， and the main factors affecting vegetation WUE were analyzed， so as to provide a scientific basis for vegetation conservation and the sustainable utilization of water resources in the river basin. ［Methods］ The Qingshui River basin was selected as the study area. Using multi-source data such as MODIS remote sensing data， meteorological data， and land use information， the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of vegetation WUE and its influencing factors in the Qingshui River basin from 2001 to 2022 were estimated and analyzed using the methods of trend analysis， Hurst index， coefficient of variation， correlation analysis， and partial derivatives. ［Results］ ① The overall spatial pattern of vegetation WUE in the river basin exhibited a “higher in the south and lower in the north” distribution， with an interannual variation trend of 0.005 g/（kg · a）. ② The vegetation WUE in the river basin mainly showed an increasing trend， with areas accounting for 76.19% of the total basin area. ③ The vegetation WUE in the river basin was relatively stable， covering 83.94% of the total basin area. The mean Hurst value was 0.48， indicating weak anti-persistence in vegetation WUE across the basin. ④ The correlation between vegetation WUE and leaf area index （LAI） was the highest， with an average coefficient of 0.54. Natural factors contributed less to WUE variation than human activities which were the primary drivers of the WUE increase. ［Conclusion］ The vegetation WUE in the river basin shows spatial heterogeneity and is mainly influenced by human activities. Therefore， it is crucial to strengthen ecological protection to improve the vegetation WUE in the river basin.