Soil erosion is an important factor that limits sustainable development in the Huaihe River basin.This paper analyzes the main influential factors that make ecology in the basin more vulnerable.Anisomeric topography and water system make the basin become basically vulnerable,while transitional geographical location makes the basin to be interactively vulnerable.Fluctuated precipitation and runoff also cause the Huaihe River to be vulnerable,and dynamical vegetation cover and the change in landuse are other factors that make the basin to be vulnerable.Historically,the Yellow River invaded the Huaihe River,which plays a significant role in soil erosion of the Huaihe River basin.Finally,the sustainable developing countermeasures to conserve soil and water are also presented for the Huaihe River basin.