[Objective] Soil moisture under conservation agriculture measures during winter wheat fallow period in southern mountain area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was investigated in order to provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of precipitation resources.[Methods] Soil moisture storages of more than one field trials at different phases were assessed.[Results] (1) Soil moisture in the soil surface(0-20 cm) increased with stubble retention and no tillage under drought conditions.(2) Under the measure of no-till, soil moisture showed an increasing trend with the increase of straw stubble height.(3) When large or consecutive rainfall event happened, soil moisture increased at depths of 20-80 cm under the measure of no-tillage; whereas, an increase occurred at top layer of 0-20 cm under conventional tillage.(4) Plantation of cover crop(chickpea) during the fallow period of winter wheat could decreased soil moisture(0-60 cm). The decrement mainly depended upon precipitation amount and planting density.[Conclusion] Measures of no-till and stubble retention can improve soil moisture in winter wheat fallow period; while cover crop can potentially reduce soil moisture.