[Objective] To research regional soil erosion and reveal the spatial distribution of soil and water loss in order to provide theoretical support for regional soil and water conservation and eco-agriculture construction.[Methods] Soil erosion in Lushui County of Yunnan Province was studied by using GIS and RUSLE model. The factors in the RUSLE model included rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and slope and length, vegetation cover and soil maintain measures factors. Spatial distribution map of soil erosion modulus in Lushui County was obtained by using GIS spatial analysis module. The soil erosion intensity was classified according to the grading standards of SL 190-2007, and the spatial distribution pattern of soil erosion intensity was analyzed.[Results] (1) According to the area, soil erosion intensity in Lushui County in 2014 was mainly micro degree of erosion, which accounted for 86.86% of the total area. While according to the average soil erosion modulus, soil erosion amount was 4.24×10⁶ t, the average erosion modulus was 1 373.1 t/(km²·a), and the soil erosion intensity was mainly slight erosion. (2) Soil erosion in the unused land and cultivated land was more severer. The erosion area in the slope between 25° and 50° was accounted for 75% of the total erosion area, in which the cultivated land accounted for 63%. Moderate and intensive erosion distributed mainly on the cultivated land, indicated that the slope farmland and unused land contributed the most to soil erosion.[Conclusion] The steep slope, cultivation and unreasonable use of unused land are the main causes for the severer soil erosion in the study area. It is not suitable for cultivation in the slope above 25°. To maintain soil and water, we should optimize the agricultural industrial structure.