[Objective] To provide theoretical basis for artificial afforestation by analyzing the effects of artificial afforestation on soil fertility.[Methods] Soil nutrient data of Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1983 and 2013 was collected, and the analytic hierarchy process and element matter model was used to assess the classification of soil fertility variation in 1983 and 2013.[Results] After 30-year afforestation, the content of organic matter and nitrogen in five different types of soil were increasing, while the content of phosphorus and potassium were decreasing. Soil nutrient level showed an increasing trend as well.[Conclusion] Afforestation can increase the content of soil organic matter, and the reasonable artificial forest structure is helpful to maintain soil fertility.