[Objective] The objective of this paper was to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus adsorption on surface sediment of small shallow lake, and provide decision basis for eutrophication control and ecological environment restoration of small shallow lake.[Methods] Adsorption characteristics of phosphorus on surface sediments samples taken from Kongmu Lake was determined by adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption, and the adsorption behavior of phosphorus at different pH values was determined by calculation formula of phosphorus adsorption capacity.[Results] Adsorption kinetics of phosphorus on the surface sediments was divided into two stage:the rapid adsorption stage occurred in 0~1 h, while the slow adsorption stage occurred in 1~3 h. Adsorption isotherm curves was fitted into Langmuir model, Freundlich model and D-R model under high concentration conditions, while fitted into Linear equation under low concentration conditions. Under acidic or neutral environmental conditions, surface sediments has better phosphorus adsorption effect.[Conclusion] The surface sediments from small, eutrophic shallow lake has the trend to release phosphorus into the overlying water. The amount of phosphate in overlying water and sediments will affect the adsorption characteristics and dynamic equilibrium of phosphorus in surface sediments.