[Objective] The impacts of socioeconomic factors on soil erosion during 1990-2015 in Jiangxi Province were studied to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of soil erosion according to regional development needs.[Methods] The spatial distribution of regional soil erosion obtained through the localized revised universal soil loss equation model was simulated. Subsequently, a socioeconomic indicator system based on the city unit (including four first-level indicators and 21 second-level indicators) was built. The impacts on soil erosion in 1999, 2000, and 2015 were identified by using the method of grey relational analysis.[Results] The average soil erosion modulus of regional soil erosion decreased. The values were 864, 663, and 281 t/(km²·a) in 1990, 2000, and 2015, respectively. From 1990 to 2015, the grey relational degree of socioeconomic factors and regional soil erosion showed an overall increasing trend, and the order of the indicators was dynamically changing.[Conclusion] From 1990 to 2015, the regional soil erosion in Jiangxi Province showed evident improvement. The impacts of socioeconomic factors on regional soil erosion were strengthened with social development. Rural development had a remarkable effect, especially for slope farmland. The importance of population level increased noticeably, and the impacts of the ecological conservation factors improved gradually.