[Objective] The relationship between population and construction land change in Guizhou Province areas was studied in order to promote the optimal allocation of land resources.[Methods] Using the data of urban and rural population and construction land in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2017, the evolution process of urban and rural human-land relationship was studied using the decoupling model and GIS spatial analysis method.[Results] From 2000 to 2017, the urban population of Guizhou Province increased while the rural population decreased. Urban and rural construction land area also expanded during this time. From 2000 to 2008, the relationship between population change and construction land was strong negative decoupling. The relationship between rural population and rural construction land in Guizhou Province showed strong negative decoupling, while that between urban population and urban construction land showed expansive negative decoupling. With the decrease of rural population and increase of construction land, the relationship between rural people and land became unstable. Though both the urban population and urban construction land increased, the latter increased faster than the former.[Conclusion] The transfer of rural homestead land should be promoted actively in Guizhou Province so as to improve the level of intensive use of land for urban and rural construction. Integration of urban and rural areas should also be encouraged.