[Objective] Under the background of ecologically clean small watershed construction, the correlations between the environmental risk awareness and environmental risk avoidance behavior of farmers were discussed, so as to provide scientific support for the smooth implementation of rural revitalization strategy. [Methods] Taking a waste incineration power generation project at Xiaoweihe small watershed in Guanzhong area as an example, the paper try to explore whether there were some underly causes in logical relationships between farmers' environmental risk awareness and avoidance behavior or more complicated situations through questionnaire and specific interviews with famers nearby the project area.[Results] According to the collected data and statistical analysis, the farmer's environmental cognition evolves as the environmental risk perception→risk awareness→risk avoidance behavior. Based on this evolution, the theoretical model of relationship between consciousness and behavior on environmental risk was constructed. With this model, four groups of relationships between environmental risk awareness and risk avoidance behavior of small watershed farmers are identified: conscious action, conscious inaction, unconscious action, unconscious inaction. [Conclusion] The theoretical model of relationship between consciousness and behavior is established in practice. There is a correlation between four kinds of environmental risk consciousness and corresponding risk avoidance behavior of famers.