[Objective] The coupling relationship between ecological vulnerability and economic poverty in Libo County, Guizhou Province, was studied to provide a scientific reference for the ecological environment and economic development of the region.[Methods] Libo County was studied as an example, with single administrative villages taken as the evaluation unit. The sensitivity-resilience-stress conceptual model was selected to build an evaluation index system of ecological vulnerability and construct an economic poverty evaluation index system of the village from social dimensions and economic dimensions. The two evaluation index systems were then combined to establish a coupling model of ecological vulnerability and economic poverty in Libo County, which was analyzed for the degree of coordination and the spatial distribution of the coupling of ecological vulnerability and economic poverty.[Results] ① Libo County had a relatively large proportion of lightly and moderately vulnerable administrative villages, with relatively higher ecological vulnerability in the central and southern regions and relatively lower vulnerability in the northeast. ② In Libo County, the largest proportion of administrative villages had moderate poverty, with comparatively severe poverty mainly distributed in the northeast and the south. ③ The coordination degree of the coupling of ecological vulnerability and economic poverty in Libo County was divided into six types. The proportion of coordinated and synchronous administrative villages accounted for only 10.6% of the total. The largest proportion belonged to administrative villages with a lagging environment, which were mainly in the west.[Conclusion] The coupling degree of ecological vulnerability and economic poverty in Libo County was generally low. In future developments, the relation between environmental protection and economic development must be coordinated to promote sustainable regional development.