[Objective] The differentiation effects of vegetation cover change based on elevation, aspect, slope, slope change rate, terrain niche, and relief amplitude were analyzed to provide basic information for ecological environment protection in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province.[Methods] Based on advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) global digital elevation model (GDEM) data and remote sensing data in August 2004, August 2007, August 2011, September 2014, and September 2016, the dimidiate pixel mode was used to estimate the vegetation cover in urban districts of Taiyuan City in different periods. The differentiation and changing trend of vegetation cover in terms of elevation, aspect, slope, slope change rate, terrain niche, and relief amplitude were analyzed using the correction coefficient for topographic areas.[Results] ① The vegetation coverage was mainly medium height coverage and high coverage, which accounted for more than 65% of the total area. The overall vegetation cover increased significantly from 2004 to 2016. The areas with a significant decrease in vegetation cover were mainly distributed in Xiaodian and Jiancaoping Districts, while the vegetation cover in the west and middle east areas increased rapidly. The area of vegetation coverage decreased by 852.70 km². However, it increased by 601.62 km² during 2007—2011, showing a general trend of degradation, while the area of vegetation coverage increased by more than one half of the study area in 2004—2007, 2011—2014, and 2014—2016, and the vegetation restoration effect was better. ② In the different aspects of the slopes, there were no obvious distribution differences in the different vegetation cover change types except in the flat land area. The spatial distribution of various vegetation cover change types for different elevations, slopes, slope change rates, terrain niches, and relief amplitudes differed obviously.[Conclusion] The effect of aspect on vegetation growth change is not obvious. However, the effects of the other topographic factors (elevation, slope, slope change rate, terrain niche, and relief amplitude) on vegetation cover change are obvious.