[Objective] The effects of optimizing fertilization on improving soil quality and crop yield of newly cultivated land were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of reasonable optimized fertilization recommendations and the sustainable development of newly reclaimed cultivated land in the Loess Plateau.[Methods] The improvement effects of organic fertilizer (OF), organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer (NP), and conventional fertilization (CF) on soil organic matter (SOM), soil aggregate distribution, structure stability, and corn yield in newly reclaimed cultivated land were evaluated using pot experiments.[Results] SOM content of newly reclaimed cultivated land was the lowest (7.08 g/kg) under CF, with low aggregate content and poor structural stability. OF and NP significantly increased SOM content of the newly reclaimed cultivated land (p<0.05) compared with CF. The particle size>0.25 mm aggregate concentration (R_0.25) and aggregate stability were also significantly improved. The OF treatment had the greatest effect on improving the quantity and stability of soil aggregates. In the 0-10 cm soil layer, the SOM content under OF and NP treatments was 12.67 g/kg and 11.79 g/kg, respectively, which was 46.2% and 36.1% higher than SOM under CF. Moreover, the mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and R_0.25 values of water-stable aggregates under OF were 62.5%, 21.4%, and 148.3% higher, respectively, than those values under CF, and the fractal dimension (D) was 1.7% lower than under CF. Meanwhile, the MWD, GMD, and R_0.25 values under NP were 18.8%, 3.6%, and 40.9% higher, respectively, than those values under CF, and the D value was 0.4% lower than under CF. In the 10-20 cm soil layer, the SOM content and the quantity and structural stability of soil aggregates under OF and NP were also increased to a certain extent. The MWD, GMD, and the SOM content showed significant positive correlations (p<0.001).[Conclusion] Optimizing fertilization is an effective measure for improving soil structure stability, fertility retention characteristics, and land productivity in newly reclaimed cultivated land.