[Objective] The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ecological vulnerability along Sichuan-Tibet railway from 2010 to 2020 was explored, and the pattern and spatial correlation of ecological vulnerability was clarified, in order to provide scientific basis for ecological environment protection and sustainable development after construction.[Methods] Taking the Sichuan and Tibet railway (Ya'an-Xinduqiao section) as an example, 15 factors closely related to ecological vulnerability were selected based on the field characteristics and SRP model to construct the ecological vulnerability evaluation index system. Spatial principal component analysis (PCA), spatial autocorrelation, hot spot analysis and geographic detector were used to carry out the research.[Results] ① In terms of spatial and temporal distribution, the overall vulnerability of the study area decreased from west to east, and the ecological status of the study area improved from 2010 to 2020. The severe and extremely vulnerable areas were small, accounting for 3.95% of the total area, and mainly distributed in the junction of Kangding City, Tianquan County and Luding County, which was an alpine zone with the most serious freezing-thawing erosion. ② The distribution of ecological vulnerability in the study area has strong clustering characteristics, with high and low values co-existing. In the west, hot spots are highly concentrated, while in the east, cold spots are highly concentrated. ③ Elevation, average annual temperature and net primary productivity of vegetation were the main factors leading to ecological fragility in the study area.[Conclusion] The construction of the Sichuan-Tibet railway (Ya'an to Xinduqiao section) was greatly affected by precipitation and temperature, and the terrain was complicated. Therefore, attention should be paid to geological disaster prevention and control, environmental protection and ecological maintenance.