[Objective] The vulnerability of water resources in Changsha City was evaluated based on the connotation of vulnerability and its obstacles factors were identified, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of water resources management and control strategies in Changsha City, Hunan Province. [Methods] A comprehensive evaluation index system was established based on the vulnerability scoping diagram (VSD) conceptual framework. Game theory was used to determine the combined weight. The cloud matter-element model was used to comprehensively evaluate the vulnerability of water resources in Changsha City from 2014 to 2020. The obstacle degree model was used to diagnose and analyze the obstacle factors affecting the vulnerability of water resources in the city. [Results] ① From 2014 to 2020, the vulnerability of water resources in Changsha City showed a decreasing trend, from a medium level of vulnerability to a slight level of vulnerability; ② The evolution trends of vulnerability at each criterion level were different, the vulnerability of the exposure dimension was consistently high, the vulnerability of the sensitivity dimension was unstable, and the vulnerability of the adaptability dimension showed a clear downward trend; ③ The obstacle degree for the exposure criterion level was the highest, and per capita water resources, per capita daily water consumption, total industrial wastewater discharge, water storage capacity of the upper-type reservoir, and annual precipitation were the main obstacle factors that restricted the decline of water resource vulnerability in Changsha City. [Conclusion] In order to further reduce the level of vulnerability of water resources in Changsha City, the relationship between socio-economic development and the development and utilization of water resources should be coordinated in the future to reduce the pressure of human activities on the water resources system, and at the same time, the supervision and management of water conservation should be further strengthened, the investment in the construction of reservoirs should be intensified, and the utilization of recycled water and rainwater resources should be promoted.