[Objective] The impacts of land use/cover changes on carbon storage and ecosystem vulnerability in regional ecosystems were determined in order to provide a reference for regional green low-carbon and sustainable development of ecosystems.[Methods] The ecosystem carbon storage and its spatial distribution pattern were quantitatively analyzed by using land use/cover data for the core economic zone of the Central Guizhou urban agglomeration in 2000, 2010, and 2020 with the InVEST model and a land use transfer matrix. A potential impact index (PI) was used to assess the vulnerability of regional ecosystem services.[Results] ① Land use/cover changes in the core economic zone of the Central Guizhou urban agglomeration showed that cultivated land and forest land continued to decline from 2000 to 2020, and construction land continued to increase. Land use/cover changes in the study area were mainly manifested as the transfer of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland to other land use types, among which 3 339.35 and 3 669.15 km² of land were transferred from 2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020, respectively. The conversion of forest land to grassland was the main transfer type during the first period, and the conversion of arable land to construction land was the main transfer type in the second period. ② Regional carbon storage decreased from 2000 to 2020 (from 4.42×10⁷ to 4.33×10⁷ t), with a cumulative decrease of 9.40×10⁵ t. The conversion of forest land to grassland was the main reason for the reduction in carbon storage. The carbon storage density in each year was higher in the west and east, and lower in the middle portion of the study area. There was no significant change in the high density area during the past 20 years, while the low density area spreading from the central area to the periphery. ③ The core economic zone of the Central Guizhou urban agglomeration was the main source of carbon from 2000 to 2020, with the land use degree index increasing by 2.83, and PI index being -0.04 and -0.31, respectively, showing negative potential impact and increasing vulnerability.[Conclusion] Increasing forest land, controlling forest land conversion to other uses, and expanding construction land are important means for promoting regional green, low-carbon, stable, and sustainable development of ecosystems.