[Objective] The characteristics and influencing factors of soil runoff on fish-scale pit slopes in the southern slope of the Taihang Mountains were studied in order to provide scientific basis for soil erosion control and ecological environment protection in the area. [Methods] The study focused on the fish scale pits and natural barren slopes of the southern foothills of the Taihang Mountains. The runoff characteristics on slopes having different vegetation types including herbs, shrubs, and trees were measured, and the influencing factors were determined. The geographic detector statistical method was used to quantify the individual and interactive effects of various factors on slope runoff. [Results] ① There was no significant difference in the average runoff depth between herb, shrub, and tree communities on the fish scale pits. However, the average runoff depths of the shrub and herb communities on the natural barren slopes were significantly greater than that of the tree community. Compared to the natural barren slopes, the average runoff depth decreased by 56.61%, 72.80%, and 39.58% in the herb, shrub, and tree communities on the fish scale pits, respectively. The average runoff depth showed a decreasing trend with increasing gravel content. The control effect of gravel coverage on slope runoff had a threshold, and the minimum slope runoff depth was observed when the gravel coverage ranged from 6% to 9%. ② The single-factor influence of gravel coverage (0.31) was the highest on runoff of fish-scale pit slopes in the southern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, followed by vegetation coverage (0.29). ③ The interaction of slope runoff influencing factors mostly exhibited nonlinear enhancement and dual-factor enhancement effects. The interaction between rainfall and non-rainfall factors showed nonlinear enhancement effects. [Conclusion] The presence of a large amount of gravel contributed to the complexity of runoff processes on fish-scale pit slopes in the southern foothills of the Taihang Mountains. Increasing vegetation coverage is an important measure to reduce slope runoff in this region.