[Objective] The factors and mechanisms influencing the evolution of groundwater flow fields were analysed to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilisation of groundwater resources in the study area. [Methods] Using geostatistics, the projection pursuit regression technique, and other research methods, the impacts of precipitation changes and human activities on the evolution of groundwater systems in six basins in Shanxi Province were analysed. [Results] ① Precipitation showed a linear correlation with fluctuations in the groundwater levels. For every 100 mm increase in precipitation, the groundwater levels in the Taiyuan, Yuncheng, Datong, Xinzhou, Linfen, and Changzhi basins decreased by 0.45, 0.46, 0.20, 0.28, 0.22, 0.73 m respectively. ② Groundwater levels showed a linear correlation with the variations in groundwater storage. For every increase of 1.00×10⁸ m³ in groundwater overexploitation volume, the average groundwater levels in the Yuncheng, Taiyuan, Datong, Xinzhou, Linfen, and Changzhi basins decreased by 0.18, 0.36, 0.25, 0.55, 0.40, 2.0 m respectively. ③ The contributions of the different factors affecting groundwater resources vary significantly across different regions. Precipitation was the primary factor affecting the groundwater resources, with a contribution rate exceeding 40% in all areas. In the Yuncheng and Datong basins, land changes caused by cultivation were the second most influencing factor, with a contribution rate of 22.55%. In the Taiyuan, Xinzhou, Linfen, and Changzhi basins, land changes caused by construction were the second most influencing factor, with contribution rates of 19.12%, 17.57%, 16.56%, and 22.43%, respectively. [Conclusion] ① Artificial rainfall can be conducted in a timely manner to increase precipitation and groundwater recharge, thereby slowing the rate of groundwater level decline. ② In areas experiencing groundwater overextraction, groundwater extraction should be appropriately reduced and efforts should be made to increase the groundwater system storage capacity to gradually restore groundwater levels. ③ Effective measures should be taken to restrain the continuous decrease and rapid expansion of cultivated and construction lands, respectively, thereby reducing the impact of land change due to land use types on groundwater resources.