[Objective] Cultivated land is an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem, with dual functions as a carbon source and carbon sink. It is of great significance to explore the change characteristics of its carbon budget for sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] Based on the agricultural statistical data of Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2020, this paper estimates the carbon budget of cultivated land in the province for 21 consecutive years using the carbon emission coefficient method, and constructs a carbon emission fairness evaluation model to analyze the carbon emission fairness of cultivated land in Shaanxi Province from two aspects: ecological carrying capacity and economic efficiency coefficient. [Results] The results show that in 21 years, the total carbon emission of cultivated land in Shaanxi Province increased first and then decreased, and the carbon emission intensity increased by 48.15%, in which chemical fertilizers were the main carbon emissions source; the total carbon absorption continued to rise, with an average annual growth rate of carbon absorption intensity of 13.67%, of which vegetables had the highest contribution to carbon absorption; both carbon emissions and carbon absorption showed a distribution pattern of high in Central Shaanxi and low in Northern and Southern Shaanxi, with the ecological carrying capacity of cultivated land carbon emissions being Southern Shaanxi > Central Shaanxi > Northern Shaanxi, and the agricultural economic efficiency being Southern Shaanxi > Northern Shaanxi > Central Shaanxi; the results of carbon emission fairness cluster analysis show that Southern Shaanxi and Xi'an share the pressure of carbon emission reduction of cultivated land in other regions of Shaanxi Province to a certain extent, while Tong Chuan, Bao Ji, Yu Lin and Wei Nan regions increase the pressure of carbon emission reduction of cultivated land. [Conclusion] The dynamics and fairness of cultivated land carbon budget in Shaanxi Province vary greatly among different regions, so differentiated emission reduction strategies should be developed and improved according to different regional conditions.