[Objective] Identifying ecological security patterns is a key approach to maintaining biodiversity and improving ecological quality, which is essential for sustaining regional development.[Method] This study focuses on Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, a crucial water conservation area at the source of the Yellow River in Qinghai Province. Using the InVEST model and circuit theory, we delineate the ecological security pattern in Hainan Prefecture based on the source-resistance surface-corridor framework. [Results] (1) The overall ecosystem services in Hainan Prefecture are relatively good,with predominantly high to extremely important services.(2) The ecological source area in the study region covers approximately 5608 km2, accounting for 12.2% of the total study area. The patches are scattered, mainly concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of Hainan Prefecture and the southern shore of Qinghai Lake. A total of 55 ecological corridors were identified, with a total length of 1963 km, including 22 key corridors. The corridor distribution is dense in the southern and eastern regions and sparse in the western part. A total of 37 ecological pinch points and 32 ecological barrier points were identified, primarily distributed in the central parts of Gonghe County and Guide County. (3) The ecological security pattern is constructed by combining the ecological source areas, corridors, pinch points, and barrier points. [Conclusion] The habitats in the western part of the study area should be given more attention for protection and restoration in the future. The findings provide scientific support for ecological protection, management, and sustainable development in Hainan Prefecture.