[Objective] The objective of this study is to elucidate the differences in near-surface microclimate characteristics between the interior and exterior of photovoltaic power stations and to evaluate the effects of the layout of large-scale photovoltaic power stations in the Mu Us Desert on the near-surface microclimate. [Methods] The research employed observational data from automatic weather stations to assess the impact of the photovoltaic power station layout in the Mu Us Desert on near-surface microclimate by comparing microclimate elements (wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, and radiation) between control points and various observation points within the station. [Results]?The study revealed that, compared to the control area, both types of photovoltaic arrays exhibited significant changes in wind direction at a height of 2 meters, presenting a more monotonous pattern. Additionally, the temperature within the photovoltaic array areas was reduced.Specifically, the maximum temperature decreases recorded between and beneath the fixed adjustable photovoltaic panels were 0.92 °C and 0.97 °C, respectively. In comparison, the horizontal single-axis photovoltaic panels showed maximum temperature reductions of 2.24 °C and 2.46 °C between and beneath the panels, respectively.Furthermore, there was an increase in air relative humidity, with the greatest increments occurring in the fixed adjustable photovoltaic area in December, where the inter-panel and under-panel areas increased by 2.12% and 1.32%, respectively. The horizontal single-axis photovoltaic area experienced the largest increase in March, with inter-panel and under-panel areas increasing by 4.74% and 5.48%, respectively. The impact of the photovoltaic arrays on radiation was predominantly observed beneath the panels, with the maximum reductions in solar radiation beneath the fixed adjustable and horizontal single-axis photovoltaic panels being 91.30% and 88.27%, respectively, and the maximum reductions in photosynthetically active radiation being 91.06% and 82.29%, respectively.[Conclusion] The deployment of large-scale photovoltaic power stations can alter wind direction, reduce air temperature, increase relative humidity, and decrease surface solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation. Notably, the horizontal single-axis photovoltaic array outperforms the fixed adjustable photovoltaic array in terms of its capacity to lower temperature and increase humidity.