[Objective] Aiming at the problems of heavy soil texture, lack of nutrients and low soil biological activity of newly-created farmland in Qinba mountain area, the effects of different modifiers on the improvement of soil quality of newly cultivated land in Qinba mountain area were analyzed, so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the rapid improvement of soil quality of newly-created farmland and the restoration of production. [Methods] A two-year field experiment was conducted with five treatments: Control (CT), ferrous sulfate (T1), biochar (T2), microbial inoculant (T3), and composite amendment (T4). The effects of these treatments on soil quality and maize yield were evaluated across four dimensions: maize yield, soil physical structure, chemical properties, and soil enzyme activity. [Results] Compared to CT, maize yields increased by 17.31 %, 30.57 %, and 25.89 % under T2, T3, and T4 treatments, respectively. The ranking of the soil quality index for each treatment is as follows: T4 > T2 > T3 > T1 > CT. Both T2 and T4 treatments attained soil pH, bulk density, organic matter, total nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen levels that are on par with those found in high-quality cultivated land in the Qinba Mountain area. T1 improved soil bulk density to near-optimal levels, while T3 enhanced soil pH and bulk density. Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic matter was the key factor influencing soil physical properties, nutrient content, and enzyme activity, whereas low microbial activity was identified as the primary constraint on yield improvement in newly-created farmland. [Conclusion] For comprehensive soil quality enhancement, biochar (T2) and composite amendment (T4) are recommended as key technologies. However, when considering cost-effectiveness and yield improvement, microbial inoculant (T3) proves to be a practical and efficient measure for widespread application in the region.