Abstract: Taking Suzhou District in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province as the research object, this study integrates the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals framework, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment system, and the functional structure of human well-being in China to construct a multi-level evaluation system for human well-being applicable to arid and semi-arid regions. By utilizing ecosystem service value accounting, coupling coordination degree model, random forest algorithm, and spatiotemporal geographically weighted regression model, the study systematically investigates the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, coupling coordination relationship, and driving mechanisms of ecosystem services and human well-being in Suzhou District from 2003 to 2023. The research results show that: Firstly, from 2003 to 2023, the ecosystem service value in Suzhou District generally exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then stabilizing, declining from 8.962 billion yuan in 2003 to 8.235 billion yuan in 2013, and then slightly rebounded to 8.317 billion yuan in 2023. Among them, regulating services such as climate regulation and hydrological regulation accounted for more than 60%, constituting the main body of ecosystem service value; the human well-being index increased from 0.28 to 0.51, with the development function represented by per capita GDP and public services showing the fastest growth, with an average annual increase of 29.4%. Secondly, the coupling coordination relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being exhibits an evolutionary pattern dominated by antagonism to integration. In 2003, moderately imbalanced regions accounted for 62.5%, while by 2023, integrated regions accounted for 58.3%, with over 95% of townships showing an upward trend in coupling coordination degree; spatially, it is characterized by high values in the periphery and low values in the center, with high-high agglomeration areas along the Qilian Mountains in the south and low-low agglomeration areas in the central urban area and oasis agricultural areas. Furthermore, the proportion of towns with lagging ecosystem services increased from 33.3% in 2000 to 66.7% in 2023. Thirdly, the urbanization process and agricultural development intensity are the main factors restricting the coordinated development of the two, with their importance indicators being 58.7% and 42.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase in vegetation coverage, the proportion of the tertiary industry, and the narrowing of urban-rural income gap showed significant promoting effects, with mean coefficients of 0.41, 0.38, and 0.32, respectively. Moreover, the influence of each driving factor exhibits significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This study provides a scientific reference for the coordinated promotion of ecological protection and people""s livelihood improvement in arid oasis cities.