[Objective] In Shandong Province, a major grain-producing region, issues such as incomplete measurement of the ecological efficiency of cultivated land use(EECLU), unclear spatiotemporal differentiation patterns, and insufficiently clarified driving mechanisms during the green and low-carbon agricultural transformation were identified. EECLU and its influencing factors were scientifically measured and systematically evaluated in order to provide precise and scientific evidence for regional cultivated land ecological governance and green and low-carbon agricultural transformation. [Methods] The Super-SBM model based on undesirable outputs, Malmquist-Luenberger(ML) index, trend surface analysis, and benchmark regression analysis were employed to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of EECLU in Shandong Province from 2010 to 2022. [Results] ① The EECLU in Shandong Province was at a relatively high level(0.857). During the study period, it exhibited an overall W-shaped fluctuating downward trend. Redundancy in factor inputs and undesirable outputs were the primary bottlenecks restricting the achievement of optimal efficiency. Spatially, it exhibited a pattern of “higher efficiency in the west and lower in the east, with polarization between the north and south.”② The annual average ML index of EECLU in Shandong Province during the study period was 0.995 2. The decline in efficiency values resulted from the combined effects of cultivated land use management degradation and technological regression. Except for Jining, Weihai, Rizhao, and Liaocheng, the ML indices of the remaining prefecture-level cities were all below 1.③ Changes in EECLU were driven by the synergy of multiple factors and exhibited significant regional heterogeneity. Among these factors, the multiple cropping index, urbanization level, and agricultural industrial agglomeration significantly inhibited efficiency improvement by increasing resource and environmental pressure, while fiscal support for agriculture significantly promoted efficiency by improving cultivated land production conditions and promoting green technologies. [Conclusion] The spatiotemporal differentiation of EECLU in Shandong Province is significant. Its fluctuating decline is driven by the compound effects of “management degradation” and “technological stagnation”, and the influencing factors exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. In the future, differentiated ecological governance of cultivated land should be implemented to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture.