The surface erosion and fluvial silt in upper reaches of Changjiang River were analyzed systematically. It was considered that the development of surface erosion in upper Changjiang was affected by unreasonable social economic activities such as the agricultural cultivation, forest and prairie exploitation,roads building,and capital construction and so on which enlarges the area of soil and water loss in upper Changjiang River. The author also analyzed and forecasted that the erosion amount would reduce to 1.022 billion tons from present 1.568 billion tons in the end of this century based on recent steps. By regional forecasting the effect of surface erosion on fluvial silt, it was believed that the surface erosion could be reduced largely by harness the upper Changjiang River,but the fluvial silt may be not changed a lot. The silt amount of water carry will range from 0.488 to 0.502 billion tons at Yichang hydrometric station in 2000.