The Petroleum pipeline project in Western China is the unique large-scale line construction project passing through various landforms in Xinjiang and Gansu Provinces. The types and factors of soil and water loss become complex as the large-scale landform surface was broken, and a large amount of waste soil and dregs were induced by construction. The wind erosion area under arid climate and the water-wind erosion area under semi-arid climate are the two typical areas along the pipeline. Particularly, wind erosion is the main erosion process. Soil erosion processes are analyzed, and its prevention and control measures are proposed for the project construction.