Soil and water conservation monitoring is an important means to objectively know about the processes of soil erosion and the effects of controlling measures. A profound analysis to the purpose and significance of soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction projects is made at first. An index system for soil and water conservation monitoring is then established by using the past experience, and the monitoring approach for the main indexes is discussed preliminarily. The study lays a foundation for effective and orderly implementation of soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction projects.