The main eco-environmental problems in Southern Shaanxi Province were revealed,which include soil and water loss,frequent geological hazards,and the low level of environmental pollution prevention.The annual potential economic loss in regional development caused by soil fertility loss,river channel and reservoir dredging,economic compensation for converting farmland to forest and grassland,and engineering water shortage was estimated by using the methods of market value substitution,shadow engineering,recovery cost,and value compensation.Their possible influences on water quality in the Middle Route of South to North Water Transfer Project were analyzed.Based on the analyses,some countermeasures of solving the eco-environmental problems were proposed,such as enhancing soil and water conservation and headwater area protection for the accelerated eco-environmental development,implementing the resident removal avoidance and ecological migration,and taking the comprehensive treatment of environmental pollution.