The upper Hanjiang River basin is the water source area of the middle route of the south to north water transfer project. Thus, water conservation and eco-environmental construction in the middle route of the south to north water transfer project is of great importance.Due to serious water environment pollution and soil erosion in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, the ecosystem of the basin is degrading. Water sam-ples were measured and soil and water loss was analyzed based on the observed data.Results showed that(1)water quality of Ankang Reservoir declined, especially nitrate nitrogen(NO₃-N)increased from 0.32 to 0.99mg/L 20years after water storage, increasing by 209.3%.(2)Water quality of Danjiangkou Reservoir was relatively better, but the average annual total nitrogen was in theⅣ grade and other indexes of water quality were in theⅠorⅡgrade.(3)Soil and water loss increased.In 2009, the total erosion modulus in the whole basin was more than 5000t/(km²·a); in Ankang City(7counties/district), as high as 16352t/(km²·a); and in Shiyan City, 3528t/(km²·a). The total amount of soil erosion was in the order of Ankang(7counties/district)>Hanzhong(7counties/district)>Shangluo(3counties/district)>Shiyan, which shows an increasing tendency.Therefore, the following countermeasures are put forward:strengthening water en-vironment pollution control, enhancing soil and water conservation and legal system construction, improving eco-environmental protection management and strengthening environmental infrastructure demonstration for private engineering project.