Due to the reduction of water flow from Kaidu-Kongque River since 2006,the ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River decreased sharply for three years until the waterflow reached into Taitema Lake in 2010.The paper studied on the spatial and temporal changes of vegetation coverage with continuous monitoring of the vegetation changing under hydrological fluctuations during 2006-2011by substracting the data of vegetation information through Landsat TM remote sensing image data in lower reaches of Tarim River Basin and explored the main reasons of the spatial and temporal variances of the vegetation changes.The results indicated that vegetation area decreased during 2006to 2009and then increased with the maximum area increase in shrub land;the overall vegetation coverage of the studied region was higher in 2011than 2006with a slow increasing in most of the area and a significant increased area only accounted 6.3%of the whole area in 2011;the change of water flow in the Tarim River is the dominant factor of vegetation growth and recovery in the area since it raised the groundwater that directly prompted vegetation recovery.