Soil samples from different slope positions of the upper,middle and down stream of Binzhou river basin were collected to analyze the spatial distribution of soil microbial communities,as well as to compare the relationship of spatial distribution between soil microbial communities and soil erosion.The results showed that the number of soil microbial communities and bacteria ranked as downstream>mid-stream>upper-stream at the watershed scale,the number of fungi ranked as upper-stream>downstream>midstream at the watershed scale,and the number of actinomvcetes was the highest value in the middle of stream.The number of soil microbial communities and bacteria in different slope positions followed the order:dowrrslope>upper-slope}mid-slope>the number of fungi in different slope positions followed the order:upper-slope mid-sloped down-slope,and the number of actinomvcetes in different slope positions followed the order:upper-sloped dowrrslope>mid-slope.The results also indicated the spatial distribution of soil bacteria and microbial community corresponds with the spatial distribution of the rate of soil erosion-deposition,which demonstrated that soil erosion-deposition rate was the key factor for governing the spatial distribution of soil microbial community and bacteria in Binzhou river basin.