Regarding the county territory units situated in 4 hydrologic basins as the research object, the paper explores the effects of arable land scale, the quantity and rate of non-agricultural arable land, and arable land non-agriculture on grain production in different research periods, from the two perspectives of county territory arable land and county territory arable land per capita in Henan Province. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the scale and spatial distribution of arable land in the 4 hydrologic basins were associated with the area and landform of relevant hydrologic basins. Change trend and spatial pattern of county arable land in every basin were different. Secondly, change rates of arable land quantity in most of the counties were negative and concentrated in space in the former research period (1994-1999). However, change rates of arable land quantity in most of the counties were positive and dispersed in the space distraction in the latter research period (1999-2004). Thirdly, the quantity of county territory arable land per capita in four hydrologic basins was reduced, but the reduced amplitudes of arable land quantity per capita were different in the two research periods. Finally, arable land non-agriculture in the province and its four hydrologic basins were given priority to medium yielding field. Grain losses caused by arable land non-agriculture in the 4 hydrologic basins were great.