Base on the SPOT Vegetation and meteorological data from 1999 to 2010, the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover in Shanxi Province were analyzed by the methods of Sen+Mann-Kendall, residual analysis and correlation analysis to discuss the effects of hydrothermal condition and human activities on dynamics of vegetation coverage. The results showed that, from the perspective of the interannual variation, the vegetation coverage in Shanxi Province presented a significant increasing trend and the growth rate reached 0.199 4/a during 1999-2010. From the perspective of the spatial pattern, the NDVI had an increasing trend in most of the study area. The significant increasing areas located mainly in the loess hilly-gully region and mountains in Shanxi Province, which accounted for 72.94%; the areas where the NDVI reduces ws distributed sporadically, which only accounts for 0.21%. The change of vegetation coverage had great correlation with precipitation, and on the whole, it showed an obvious feature that gradually reducing from north to south, among them, the areas where the correlation coefficient was positive accounts for 98.54%; besides, the change of vegetation coverage had little correlation with temperature, and the average correlation coefficient was only -0.415. In addition, the impact of human activities on the vegetation cover change in Shanxi Province was double-edged sword, but positive influence was far greater than negative effect, which indicates that returning the grain plots to forestry and soil erosion controlling brought an important ecological benefit role in recent years.