Using dilute plate counting method and most probable number method, the dynamic of rhizosphere soil microbial quantity was studied during cherry annual growth period under four kinds of cherry rootstocks(Cerasus pseudocerasus, Cerasus sachalinensis Colt, Cerasu smahaleb). The results showed that soil microbial quantity was positively related to the cherry annual growth stages-soil microbial quantity began to rise at germination period and quickly reached its peak at flowering, fruiting or maturation period, but decreased slightly at leaf fall period. The numbers of microbial physiological groups were significantly differences cherry rootstocks, and bacteria was dominant, followed by actinomycetes, and fungi was the least. Soil microbial quantity presented rhizosphere effects. The change trends of total amounts of soil rhizosphere microorganisms and biodiversity indices were different among cherry rootstocks. Therefore, choosing suitable cherry rootstock varieties can be beneficial to increasing the number of soil microorganisms, and create a good micro-ecological environment for the growth of cherry trees.