[Objective] To study behaviors of peasant households from the view of microeconomics specifically, the present situation, existing problems and influencing factors were analyzed in order to put forward some countermeasures and advices for optimizing and perfecting the protection of cultivated land quality. [Methods] Taking Dantu District in Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province as the subject, questionnaire investigation, case interview, "pressure-state-response" framework and Logistic regression were adopt. [Results] There was certain difference in behaviors of peasant household participate in protection of cultivated land quality. Some peasant households were positive, and others were passive. The binary logistic regression model fit the overall result very well, and the regression results were higher credibility [Conclusion] The enthusiasm of peasant households in the study area to participate in the protection of cultivated land quality is not high. The factors such as the age of peasant households, the dosage of the fertilizers, the farmer's judgment about the importance and prospects of the protection of cultivated land quality significantly affect the willingness of peasant households to participate in the protection of cultivated land quality.