[Objective] The objective of this study is to analyze the composition and characteristics of soil organic carbon in jujube orchard with different planting years in Xinjiang arid area in order to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of the regional fruit industry in this region. [Methods] Taking four different jujube orchards in the southern of Xinjiang Mengaiti County as the object, the total organic carbon, soil active organic carbon, organic carbon density and carbon activity in the orchard with different planting years were analyzed. [Results] With the increase of planting years, the content of soil organic carbon increased initially and then decreased. The content of soil organic carbon was the maximum at the surface of the soil, and it decreased with increasing soil depths. In contrast, soil organic carbon density decreased initially and then increased with the increase of planting years. Soil organic carbon stocks mostly concentrated in surface soil, and with the increasing planting period, it increased initially, reached the maximum at 10 a, and then decreased. Similarly, soil carbon pool activity also showed a decreasing trend initially and then increased with the increase of planting years. [Conclusion] The content of soil organic carbon in the study area increased with the increase of the planting years, and the accumulation of soil carbon pool was different in various planting years. The activity of soil carbon pool at different layer increased initially and then decreased.