[Objective] By studying the ecological effects of shelter forest construction of Taihu Lake levee, we aimed to provide technical support for future shelter belts construction and environmental improvement in this region. [Methods] The shelter forested lands and farmlands at Yixing City were chosen as the test plots. Field survey was conducted and soil samples were collected. Soil conditions, plant diversity and surface runoff was investigated to analyze the heterogeneity of soil properties and biodiversity. [Results] The results showed that, with the construction of the ecological shelter forests, soil permeability was improved, surface runoff was reduced and plant species diversity was enhanced. [Conclusion] The construction of ecological shelter forests can improve the regional environment, enhance soil status, and increase biodiversity in Taihu basin, and is the effective ecological measure for the environment comprehensive treatment in Taihu Lakebasin.