[Objective] Studying the spatial-temporal variation of land and water resource structure and farmland productivity in Jianghan plain in order to provide a support for guaranteeing national food security and promoting sustainable development. [Methods] The agricultural water-land matching model was used to calculate the agricultural water-land resources matching coefficients during 2004-2012 of the 8 cities in Jianghan plain, and the spatial-coupling of land and water resources and farmland productivity was analyzed. [Results] Jianghan plain was deficient in land and water resources in terms of per capita unit, whereby, it belongs to resource-restraint area. The averaged matching coefficient of land and water resources of the study area was 1.00, lower than the national level of 1.30 of the same period. Which means the coupling of land and water resources had a downward trend with small annual fluctuation. According to the variation of the coupling state of land and water resources and farmland productivity, Jianghan plain were sub-zoned into 4 parts. [Conclusion] There is a disparity between land and water resources of Jianhan plain and it is below the national average in a long time. The spatial matching state of the land and water resources, on the whole, shows "high in the west and east, low in the middle". The uneven spatial distribution of rainfall and discrepancy between land-water supply and demand resulted from social and economic development significantly affect the matching pattern of land and water resources.