[Objective] The paper estimates the net primary productivity(NPP) of the Kaidu-Kongque river basin, and analyzes its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and the future tendency, in order to provide the basis for the management and effective use of natural resources.[Methods] MODIS vegetation index(NDVI) data, meteorological and vegetation classification data was collected from 2001 to 2013. The improved CASA model was used.[Results] The annual NPP showed a gradually increasing trend, and it was high in northwest but low in southeast. The NPP values showed a zonal distribution with Kiadu-Kongque river as the center(highest NPP value). The annual variation of NPP was great, the highest NPP occurred in summer(65.30%) while the lowest NPP occurred in winter (2.13%). From the Hurst index and slope trend of NPP spatial coupling graph, an increasing trend in NPP could be expected in the future.[Conclusion] The development of ecological environment in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin is sustainable, and the seasonal and regional difference is obvious.