[Objective] Local microclimate variability of natural sand and artificial green land in different seasons over Taklimakan desert hinterland was investigated. Mutual feed mechanism of microclimate changing between natural desert and artificial green land was reflected by analysis of the observation data. The research was expected to offer theoretical support for the sustainable development of artificial green area in the desert region. [Methods] Based on the simultaneous observation data from four meteorological stations with different underlying surfaces of natural sand and artificial green land in Taklimakan desert hinterland, the microclimate different characteristics between natural sand and artificial green were analyzed, and the reasons for these differences were explored. [Results] Desert region has fast response to the up-down rate of temperature, while the oasis region had significant influences on the temperature variation range. In comparison with desert, oasis has cold island effect during humidification period, and has heat island effect during cooling period in four seasons. The specific humidity levels of oasis showed the maximum valued in summer, and the minimum values in winter. Beside the above mentioned, the moisture island effects of oasis last longest and strongest in the autumn. In spring, summer and autumn, the upper stream boundary was affected by moisture island effect, whereas in all four seasons, moisture island effect always existed for downstream boundary. The biggest daily variation of wind velocity in the desert occurred early and had the biggest percentage variation. Meanwhile, the oasis has the smallest one. In both spring and summer, as compared with desert, wind weaken rate in oasis is higher than that in the upstream boundary. [Conclusion] The effects of underlying surfaces on microclimate are quite conspicuous, which cause obvious“cold island”and“wet island”.