[Objective] Dynamic change features of agricultural area and the driving factors were elucidate to provide theoretical foundation for the sustainable utilization and protection of cultivated land in Tarim River basin. [Methods] Change characteristics of agricultural area and superficial orthocenter were analyzed according to the statistical data of all regions, including so-called“nine sources and one main stream”. Both PCA and multivariate regression analysis were used to detect the driving factors. [Results] (1) Total cultivated area from 1.01×10⁶ hm² to 2.05×10⁶ hm², from 0.131 hm² to 0.194 hm² for each person. Orthocenter of the agricultural area moved northeastward with a distance about 61.10 km. (2) Three main factors as socioeconomic development, increase in population and development of agricultural production drove the changes of agricultural area. (3) The established multi-linear regression model (R²=0.960) between agricultural area and driving factors showed that there was no significant difference(p>0.05) between the simulated values and the actual values. [Conclusion] It was always in a dynamically changing status for agricultural area and orthocenter. Human factors were the major influencing cause of the cultivated land.