[Objective] To provide support for selecting priority areas and making plans for soil and water conservation and developing the targeted soil erosion measures, this study analyzed the spatial distribution of the soil erosion in the Jianghuai hilly region, and explained the relationship between soil erosion and environmental factors such as land use type, slope, vegetation and soil type.[Methods] Based on the Landsat 8 image with 15 m resolution in 2015 and the "3S" technology platform, this study used the comprehensive evaluation method and the field investigation verification method to analyze the soil erosion distribution and its relationship with the environmental factors.[Results] ① The soil erosion area in Jianghuai hilly region was 1 409.60 km², accounting for 10.20% of the total area. And the erosion intensity was characterized with light erosion and moderate erosion in some areas. ② Under different land use types, the soil erosion occured mainly in the sloping farmland with larger topographic relief and relatively poor condition, as well as in woodland and grassland with relatively steep slopes and low vegetation coverage. The soil erosion was mainly occurred in the slope of 5°~15° in the boundary belt between mountains and plains. In terms of coverage, the soil erosion mainly occurred in areas with vegetation coverage of 45%~75%. Under different soil types, soil erosion easily occurred in dark soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil because of low viscosity of soil layer, low organic matter content and low erosion resistance.[Conclusion] There is a close relationship between the soil erosion and the environmental factors such as land use type, slope, vegetation, soil type in the Jianghuai hilly region in the Huaihe River basin. And the area with sloping farmland, steep slope, low vegetation coverage, poor soil anti-erodibility is prone to soil erosion.