[Objective] Studying the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and analyzing its relationship with topographical factors in order to provide theoretical bases for fertilizer regionalization of oasis agriculture in arid areas, and for sustainable utilization of soil resources and promotion of precision agriculture.[Methods] Chabchar County, Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region in Ili river valley's typical oasis was taken as a study region, and GIS and Geo-statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of soil nutrients' spatial distribution and its variation of plow layer soil in Ili River Valley's typical oasis. The relationships between soil nutrients and topographical factors were analyzed using CCA ordination(canonical correspondence analysis).[Results] ① The coefficients of variation of soil organic matter, available nitrogen and available potassium ranged from 24.22% to 46.76%, belonging to moderate level of variation. The coefficient of variation of soil available phosphorus content was 107.51%, which showed a strong variation. Geo-statistical analysis suggested that there were moderate and strong spatial auto-correlation among soil nutrient items. Spatial correlation of available potassium was stronger than that of available nitrogen. ② Spatially, soil nutrient were distributed in patchy pattern. Soil organic matter of the west was higher than that of the east. Available nitrogen of the central region was lower and the variation of available nitrogen was severe in east and west regions. Available phosphorus of the northeast and the southwest were lower. Available potassium of the north-central and the southeast were lower and the variation of available potassium was severe in the east. ③ Available nitrogen was extremely positively correlated with elevation and roughness of the terrain(p<0.01), while soil organic matter was significantly and negatively correlated with the slope and the roughness of the terrain(p<0.05). Available potassium was positively correlated with the horizontal curvature and the profile curvature. ④ Elevation, slope, roughness of the terrain and profile curvature were the major topographical factors that affect the soil nutrients' spatial distribution in this area.[Conclusion] The organic fertilizer should be properly increased in the east, the nitrogen fertilizer should be increased appropriately in the central, phosphate and the potash fertilizer should be properly increased in northeast of the region.